www.perpetualcommotion.com
"Give with a free hand, but give only your own."
-- J.R.R. Tolkien The
Children of Hurin
- Aroma Therapy -
-
Peppermint
- Rosemary
- Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
- Rosemary and lemon mix in the morning, and lavender and orange
mix in the evening
A
discussion of this topic can be found at:
http://alzheimers.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/762104261/m/3394080708
Aromatherapy
in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
In
1997, the late Mark Smith and colleagues discovered that
peroxynitrte-mediated damage is widespread in Alzheimer's
disease. This damage includes the oxidation of g proteins
coupled to receptors involved in short-term memory, mood, sleep,
alertness, and smell. Peroxynitrite scavengers have partially
reversed Alzheimer's disease in animal studies, clinical trials
(see especially Jimbo's study with armoatherapy and
Akhondzadeh's study with tinctures of essential oils), and case
studies. The list of peroxynitrite scavengers is quite long but
they include ketones from coconut oil, minocycline and other
tetracycline antibiotics, and a variety of phenolic compounds
such as rosmarinic acid, grape seed extract, cinnamon extract,
Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil, and rosemary essential oil.
For my mother, we (my sisters and I) use rosemary, sage,
cinnamon leaf, clove, thyme, oregano, and sweet orange. She
smells each from a bottle for a couple of seconds each day. Here
are the some of the results of this treatment (which we began
four years ago with rosemary essential oil): she recognizes her
home again, sleeps through the night, can remember her name and
sometimes spell it, and is much more alert and aware then
before. The evidence that aromatherapy can be used to treat
Alzheimer's disease is quite strong and it would be a pleasure
if the Alzheimer's Association would begin to distribute this
research to caregivers and researchers.
Here are
some links that relate to aromatherapy and AD:
Effect of aromatherapy on patients with
Alzheimer’s disease
PSYCHOGERIATRICS
2009; 9: 173–179
Daiki
JIMBO, Yuki KIMURA, Miyako TANIGUCHI, Masashi INOUE and Katsuya
URAKAMI
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00299.x/pdf
Melissa officinalis extract in the
treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease:
a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial
J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:863-866 doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.863
S
Akhondzadeh, M Noroozian1, M Mohammadi1, S Ohadinia, A H
Jamshidi, M Khani
http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/7/863.abstract
Another
angle that might be of interest is possible help from vitamin E
for a peroxynitrite problem:
Dietary vitamin E and selenium and toxicity
of nitrite and nitrate
Toxicology.
2002 Nov 15;180(2):195-207.
Chow CK,
Hong CB.
Graduate
Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY 40506-0054, USA.
Abstract
Nitrites
and nitrates are important antimicrobial and flavoring/coloring
agents in meat and fish products. However, nitrites and nitrates
may cause methemoglobinemia and other illness, and may react
with certain amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines.
The
nutritional status of vitamin E and selenium has long been
associated with nitrite and nitrate toxicity, although the
mechanism involved is not yet clear.
Information
available recently shows that nitrites and nitrates are both
oxidation products and ready sources of nitric oxide (NO√), that
NO√ reacts rapidly with superoxide to form highly reactive
peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and that vitamin E may mediate the
generation and availability of superoxide and NO√.
Increased
formation of ONOO− resulting from nitrite treatment and low
intake of vitamin E and selenium may thus be the critical event
leading to tissue damage and animal mortality observed
previously.
The
protection against the adverse effects of nitrites/nitrates by
vitamin E is attributed to its ability to reduce ONOO−
formation, while selenium exerts its protective effects via
seleno-enzymes/compounds, which reduce ONOO− formed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12324194
Thanks
very much for the links. The other Akhondzadeh study is entitled
"Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with
mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized
and placebo-controlled trial." Based on your post, I did a
little more research on Vitamin E and peroxynitrites. According
to a Life Extension Vitamin web page, gamma tocopherol E is the
form of Vitamin E that strongly inhibits peroxynitrite
formation, but most Vitamin E supplements only contain alpha
tocopherol which at high levels can displace gamma tocopherol.
Supplementation with gamma tocopherol may indeed help in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease by lowering the formation of
peroxynitrites. Thank you for your insights.
Supplementation
with gamma tocopherol may indeed help in the treatment of
Alzheimer's disease by lowering the formation of peroxynitrites.
According
to a Life Extension Vitamin web page, gamma tocopherol E is the
form of Vitamin E that strongly inhibits peroxynitrite
formation. It appears that most Vitamin E supplements only
contain alpha tocopherol, which at high levels can displace
gamma tocopherol.
A
related discussion about Vitamin E on a message board:
High levels of several Vitamin E components
lower Alzheimer's risk by 50 percent
http://alzheimers.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/762104261/m/534309014
Inhibiting
tyrosine phosphorylation appears to be the key to preventing and
slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Peroxynitrite
scavengers appear to be the key to reversing Alzheimer's
disease. Tyrosine phosphorylation activates one of the two
enzymes which likely triggers Alzheimer's disease (phospholipase
C gamma; the other being phospholipase C beta). These two
enzymes trigger a pathway that leads to the processing of
amyloid precursor protein and the cleaving of this protein to
form plaques, the hyperphosphorylation and nitration of tau
proteins, and inflammation. Both phospholipase C gamma and beta
eventually activate nuclear factor kappa b (via tumor necrosis
factor alpha) which produces superoxide anions and inducible
nitric oxide that combine to form peroxynitrites. Phenolic
compounds in various vegetables, fruits, spices, and essential
oils and Omega 3-fatty acids inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation
thus inhibiting both the activation of phospholipase C gamma and
the activation of nuclear factor kappa b. They thus should help
delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease. It appears that various
forms of Vitamin E also inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation,
although one study by Ahn suggests that gamma-toctrienol at
lower doses is more effective at inhibiting the activation of
Nuclear Factor-kappa b than gamma-tocopherol. On the other hand,
both appear to be good peroxynitrite scavengers (whereas alpha
tocopherol is not) and if that is the case then both would
provide an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease (finding
the right diet or the proper supplement to produce the maximum
effect still needs to be determined). One of the interesting
aspects of Alzheimer's disease is that many of the compounds
which inhibit the formation of peroxynitrites are also
peroxynitrite scavengers. Thus, you may be able to delay and
treat Alzheimer's disease using the same compounds.
How do you perform Aroma Therapy? Do you just open a bottle and
breathe deeply directly from the bottle? Or, does one need a "diffuser"?
Some
people just open the bottle of essential oil and have the person
breathe it for a few seconds. Some people have seen progess
using a diffuser. Jimbo [NEED
LINK] et al used a diffuser. An aromatherapist would
probably recommend that the oil be diluted somewhat when using a
diffuser, otherwise it is too much of an assault on the
senses. I don't know if the method of delivery of the
essential oils makes a difference. The bottles
are replced about once a year as the phenolic compounds in them
get degraded over time. They should probably be kept out of
sunlight to prevent degradation.
************************************************************
Thanks
again for posting your ideas and experiences. As I said before,
I know nothing about aromatherapy.
First
I'd like to include in this thread a link to your other thread
which contains related information:
A
unifying hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease
http://alzheimers.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/762104261/m/2494061808?r=2494061808#2494061808
Second,
I'd appreciate input from you (and anyone else) about the pros
and cons of two ways of ingesting essential oils -
(1)
aromatherapy (inhalation of essential oil aromas)
vs.
(2) oral
ingestion of supplements of diluted (NOT full strength)
essential oils.
In an
earlier thread, there was a brief discussion of oral ingestion
of essential oils as a possible treatment for AD as a
neurospirochetosis.
Alzheimer's
disease - a neurospirochetosis?
http://alzheimers.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/762104261/m/9014064208?r=9014064208#9014064208
That
thread's brief discussion of essential oils starts here:
http://alzheimers.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/762104261/m/9014064208?r=9044066208#9044066208
Any
input from you (and others) will be appreciated, especially
regarding very practical, safe things that we can try with our
cognitively impaired loved ones.
Thank
you very much for the link to my other post. I found your
comments on natural antibiotics quite interesting and useful.
Phenolic compounds (as contained in various essential oils and
spices) inhibit the activation of phospholipase C-gamma by
bacteria and viruses and thus limit part of their damage--this
is the same enzyme implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Whether a
long-standing bacterial infection or viral infection (in
combination perhaps with other risk factors) could trigger
Alzheimer's disease is still an open question.
You ask
a great question about the safety of essential oils. I prefer
using aromatherapy over oral administration of essential oils
because I believe it is safer (in clinical trials both appear to
be equally effective). Finding the right dilution for essential
oils is tricky and if not done properly can be toxic (to the
liver, for example). Constantly breathing of essential oils can
also be toxic--perhaps even leading to a coma. Some antioxidants
can become oxidants at how levels. Some outlying studies have
linked eugenol (a component of cinnamon leaf, sage, and rosemary
essential oils, for instance) to cancer and have warned
aromatherapists about the constant breathing of essential oils
high in eugenol. Phenolic compounds also inhibit the break down
of adrenaline (and other catecholamines) which could
theoretically lead to higher blood pressure. People suffering
from seizures probably should not take essential oils. Allergic
reactions are possible (although probably in most cases these
reactions are mild). These are all the contradictions that I
know of.
In the
Jimbo study, they gave the participants four essential oils
(lemon, orange, lavender, and rosemary) to smell through a
diffuser (the oils were placed on a gauze) for twice a day--two
hours in the morning and one and a half hours in the evening(.04
milliliters of lemon and orange and .08 milliliters of rosemary
and lavender) without any adverse effects after 28 days. We have
given my mother rosemary to smell from a bottle every morning
for the past four years and have added sage, oregano, sweet
orange, oregano,thyme, and cinnamon leaf this year (and most
recently Ylang Ylang) without any adverse effects. Except for
some of the caveats added above, to the best of my knowledge,
the intermittent use of essential oils via aromatherapy (or with
the correct dilution when taken orally) is quite safe.
Lane,
thanks for your comments above.
If you
don't mind, a few more questions...
These
are with regard to the essential oils you've used that you
believe have helped your mother.
- After
beginning each new oil, how long has it taken before you've seen
a positive response?
- Can
you link specific oils to specific types of positive responses?
If so, which oils have brought which improvements?
- Which
oil(s) have done the most to improve memory?
Thanks
again.
Keep
asking the questions. I like answering them. I have been meaning
to answer the first one. It took about one month from the time I
first began administering rosemary essential oil for me to
notice some difference in my mother. She noticed that I had
moved something on her bookshelf and she asked me why I had been
giving it to her every day for a month. Her improvement after
that was gradual but steady. She began to sleep better at night,
she recongized her home again, she was no longer anxious when we
took her to visit her brother (she used to think he was an
impostor), she no longer asked why her parents were being left
out in the cold in the forest (although she still occasionally
asks for her parents), she started to show some improvements in
various forms of memory (recalling taking a walk, whether she
had recently been to a place before, spelling her name,
remembering the order of days and months, reciting the alphabet,
and completing phrases like "I scream, you scream, we all scream
for...ice cream" and "April showers bring... May flowers"), and
she began to be more lucid, alert, and aware (these changes took
place over the next three years). I began giving the next set of
essential oils earlier this year en masse so I was not able to
figure out if any particular one was more effective than the
other. Together, though, they seemed to have made a signficance
diffence over a period of weeks (I have a harder time
pinpointing this because she was so far gone when I began giving
her rosemary essential oil that when she started to make
improvements it stood out in my mind; this time the changes were
more subtle, but in a way just as significant). Just a few days
ago, I began to give my mother Ylang Ylang essential oil, and
have noticed improvements in regards to energy (she isn't
sleeping as much during the day) and clarity of thought.
Essential
oils high in methoxyphenols (eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol)
appear to work best for treating Alzheimer's disease (cinnamon
leaf/true cinnamon, clove, oregano, thyme, rosemary, sage, Ylang
Ylang, sweet basil, holy basil, bay leaf, and lemon balm among
others). I think limonene in citrus-based essential oils
(orange, lemon, and grapefruit, for instance) may be the
compound responsible for helping people with Alzheimer's
disease. In short, probably a combination of a few of the
essential oils listed above (you probably wouldn't want someone
smelling a dozen or more oils at a time due to the
contraindications listed in my previous post)should be effective
for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Thanks
for posting, Lane. If you know of other anecdotal reports that
you think might be helpful, please post. And I wonder if there's
a safe way to speed up the response time for those who are just
starting.
I am not
adept at posting links, but here are the other anecdotal
accounts that I have and which can be found with the following
google searches: Texas State Research on aromatherapy, rosemary
for Alzheimer's treatment (how the rosemary was taken is not
specified), and ECU therapist studies links between scent and
memory.
Unfortunately,
I do not know how to speed up the process. It may be that it
takes awhile for the chemicals in the essential oil to begin to
restore the sense of smell (although others believe the
chemicals can enter the hippocampus even with a greatly impaired
sense of smell). Perhaps, if several essential oils are given at
once that speeds up the process, but since I just started with
one essential oil, I am not certain of this. I had one person
who attended a talk that I had given on aromatherapy and
Alzheimer's disease. The nursing staff used a diffuser to
deliver rosemary essential oil to his wife and after about three
weeks he called me to tell me that his wife had said that she
loved him for the first time in months. I don't know if the
diffuser had speed up the process or not. If as time goes by,
others could share their experiences with me in terms of the
time needed to see results, how they administered the essential
oil, and the effects of the aromatherapy (or oral
administration) that would be wonderful.
Lane,
after reading about the progress your mother has made with
aromatherapy, I've started my stage 5-6 DH on essential oils.
Here's my MO: after breakfast each morning I have him inhale
deeply, three times, from each of rosemary, cinnamon leaf, sage,
and oregano essential oils. Does this seem like a reasonable way
to proceed? He can smell some of them; others he says don't seem
to have much odor.
The very
first day I tried this was a day when he woke up disoriented
(usually that doesn't happen until late afternoon or evening).
Whether it was breakfast or the essential oils or just inhaling
deeply, after breakfast he was oriented again, and even
undertook chores that usually he has [claimed to have] forgotten
how to do. (I don't discount the possibility of malingering,
because it's a life-long habit of his to get out of things he
doesn't want to do.)
I'm
inhaling the essential oils also, because I know I'm at risk. My
mother died of some form of dementia (never clearly diagnosed),
and so did her father. Then there's the elevated risk statistic
for caregivers, and the recently raised possibility of
contagion.
This is
about what I do for my mother, so I think you should be fine
(just as a side note, it's only been about a week since she
started smelling Ylang Ylang essential oil, but she seems to be
improving further with it). If you notice any adverse effects,
you can cut back on the time that he inhales the oils but I
don't expect that to happen (both from personal experience and
from what I have read about aromatherapy).
Cases of
people returning to past "activities" such as carrying on a
conversation or playing an instrument (or in this case maybe
returning to doing chores) is something that a few researchers
have noted in their studies on the use of aromatherapy in the
treatment of Alzheimer's dieases. An almost intangible
improvement in personal orientation is another.
Some
oils seem to stimulate smell better than others and the reaction
to the smells varies not only from oil to oil but sometimes from
day to day. On some days earlier on my mother would like the
smell of rosemary essential oil and some days she recoiled at
the smell. Now her reaction to the oils that I give her is on
the whole positive and when I ask her if she can smell them, she
says yes.
I smell
the essential oils along with my mother on most days (because I
know my high glucose levels are a risk factor for the disease).
The evidence that essential oils (via aromatherapy) can prevent
Alzheimer's disease is not as strong as the evidence that
aromatherapy can be used to treat the disease. However, many
essential oils do appear to inhibit the likely pathway that
leads to Alzheimer's disease. The possibility that aromatherapy
can prevent or delay Alzheimer's disease certainly exists.
I think
for the great majority of people with Alzheimer's disease (and
those at risk for the disease), the benefit of aromatherapy far
outweighs the small amount of risk.
For
anyone interested, a couple more studies on how essential oils
may affect memory (in healthy people):
Modulation of cognitive performance and
mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang
Int J
Neurosci. 2008 Jan;118(1):59-77.
"...
Peppermint was found to enhance memory whereas ylang-ylang
impaired it, and lengthened processing speed. In terms of
subjective mood peppermint increased alertness and ylang-ylang
decreased it, but significantly increased calmness..."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18041606
________
Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential
oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults.
Int J
Neurosci. 2003 Jan;113(1):15-38.
"...
Analysis of performance revealed that lavender produced a
significant decrement in performance of working memory, and
impaired reaction times for both memory and attention based
tasks compared to controls. In contrast, rosemary produced a
significant enhancement of performance for overall quality of
memory and secondary memory factors, but also produced an
impairment of speed of memory compared to controls. With regard
to mood, comparisons of the change in ratings from baseline to
post-test revealed that following the completion of the
cognitive assessment battery, both the control and lavender
groups were significantly less alert than the rosemary
condition; however, the control group was significantly less
content than both rosemary and lavender conditions. These
findings indicate that the olfactory properties of these
essential oils can produce objective effects on cognitive
performance, as well as subjective effects on mood..."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690999
Articles
on aromatherapy:
From
University of Maryland Medical Center:
Aromatherapy
http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/aromatherapy-000347.htm
Also
see:
Aromatherapy
for Memory Loss
http://www.tangledneuron.info/the_tangled_neuron/aromatherapy-for-memory-loss.html
Here are
a few more quotes from some of the studies mentioned earlier in
this thread:
Effect of aromatherapy on patients with
Alzheimer’s disease
PSYCHOGERIATRICS
2009; 9: 173–179
Daiki
JIMBO, Yuki KIMURA, Miyako TANIGUCHI, Masashi INOUE and Katsuya
URAKAMI
...
Aromatherapy consisted of the use of rosemary and lemon
essential oils in the morning, and lavender and orange in the
evening...
... All
patients showed significant improvement in personal orientation
related to cognitive function...
... The
lemon and rosemary mix activates the sympathetic nervous system
to strengthen concentration and memory, whereas the lavender and
orange fragrance activates the parasympathetic nervous system to
calm patients’ nerves...
... this
method is known, through experience, to synchronize the
autonomic nervous system to the circadian rhythm: the
sympathetic nerve system works predominantly after stimulation
by rosemary–lemon oil in the morning, whereas the
parasympathetic nerve system works predominantly after
activation by the lavender–orange oil at night...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00299.x/pdf
____________________________________
Melissa officinalis extract in the
treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease:
a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial
J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:863-866 doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.863
S
Akhondzadeh, M Noroozian, M Mohammadi, S Ohadinia, A H Jamshidi,
M Khani
... At
four months, Melissa officinalis extract produced a
significantly better outcome on cognitive function than
placebo...
http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/7/863.abstract
I've
been trying to get a handle on exactly which essential oils have
allegedly been shown - in any scientific studies - to have
specifically aided memory and cognition (in either healthy
people or those with dementia).
Based on
the quotes in my earlier posts above, here's what seems, in
these four studies anyway, to have helped memory and cognition:
-
Peppermint
-
Rosemary
- Lemon
balm (Melissa officinalis)
-
Rosemary and lemon mix in the morning, and lavender and orange
mix in the evening
Am I
understanding right? And are there any other essential oils to
add to the list?
In
addition to the actual scientific studies, of course I
appreciate very much any anecdotal reports such as those posted
by Lane.
And do I
understand correctly that "lemon" and "lemon balm" are two
different kinds of essential oils and should not be confused
with each other? Can Lane or anyone else clarify this? Thanks.
Thanks,
Onward, for the additional links. You are right, lemon and lemon
balm are different kinds of essential oils. Lemon balm comes
from the Lamiaceae family (the mint family). Other plants in
this family include rosemary, oregano, peppermint, thyme, and
sage. Akhondzadeh's other clinical trial involved the use of
sage (Salvia officinalis) and produced similar results as lemon
balm. Methoxyphenols in essential oils may be particulary
effective at scavenging peroxynitrites and in reversing part of
the damage done by peroxynitrites in Alzheimer's disease
(limonene in various citrus-based essential oils may also
scavenge peroxynitrites to some extent and ketones in some
essential oils may help decompose peroxynitrites).
Methoxyphenols (eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol) can be found in
several essential oils, such as cinnamon leaf, clove, basil,
laurel (bay leaf), nutmeg, peppermint, thyme, oregano, rosemary,
and sage (there are lists for the constituents of essential oils
used in aromatherapy on the internet, but they vary to some
degree ). Irie postulates that eugenol may provide an effective
treatment for Alzheimer's disease: Y Irie. Effects of eugenol on
the Central Nervous System: Its possible application to the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease, depression, and Parkinson's
disease. Curr. Bioactive Compounds 2(2008): 57-68. As far as I
know, a similar study does not exist for thymol and carvacrol.
You ask
very important questions. To slightly rephrase them: What
essential oils are most likely to have a positive effect on the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease and how long should they be
breathed in aromatherapy? The information above partially
answers the first question. I don't have a precise answer to the
second question.
Thanks
very much for the helpful information, Lane.
If you
don't mind my asking... is there any special reason why you
haven't been using peppermint, lemon balm, or lemon? I'm just
curious since these are all said to have been shown helpful for
memory and cognition (in studies cited above).
I didn't
know about the positive effects of peppermint essential oil on
memory until I read your post (or the negative effects of Ylang
Ylang essential oil). Thank you. It's not clear at this point
whether the results would be the same for people with
Alzheimer's disease, but I think there is enough evidence to at
least give peppermint essential oil a try. The other two are
more a feeling of equivalency (sweet orange and lemon; sage and
lemon balm). I figure the two that I am giving to my mother are
similar to the two that I am not giving to her, although this
might not be correct thinking on my part. Based on the handful
of studies that do exist, I believe that lemon, orange, lemon
balm, and peppermint essential oils should be effective
essential oils to use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease,
along with rosemary and sage essential oils (the scientific
evidence that I have for all the other essential oils that I
mention is indirect--their ability to scavenge peroxynitrites).
In vitro and in vivo effects
of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extracts.
Kaurinovic B, Popovic M, Vlaisavljevic S.
Molecules.
2010 May 7;15(5):3378-90.
Source:
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Novi
Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
biljana.kaurinovic@dh.uns.ac.rs
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of different
extracts of laurel leaves were studied. Free radical scavenging
capacity (RSC) was evaluated measuring the scavenging activity
on the DPPH, NO, O(2)(.-) and OH radicals. The effects on lipid
peroxidation (LP) were also evaluated. Experimental results
indicate that ethyl acetate extract of leaves has exhibited the
largest RSC capacity in neutralization of DPPH, NO, O(2)(.-) and
OH radicals. The same result was obtained in investigation of
extracts impact on LP. The in vivo effects were evaluated on
some antioxidant systems (activities of GSHPx, LPx, Px, CAT and
XOD, and GSH content) in the mice liver and blood-hemolysate
after treatment with the examined laurel extracts, or in
combination with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). On the basis of
the results obtained it can be concluded that the examined
extracts exhibited a certain protective effect, which is more
pronounced on the liver than on blood-hemolysate parameters. The
results obtained indicate toxicity of CCl(4), probably due to
the radicals involved in its metabolism. Combined treatments
with CCl(4) and the examined extracts showed both positive and
negative synergism. Based on the experimental results, the
strongest protective effect was shown by the EtOAc extract.
PMID: 20657487 [PubMed]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657487
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