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- Phytic Acid -
General Information:
Names:
Wikipedia entry:
Dr. Ray Shahelien entry:
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Observations:
Phytic Acid (myo-inositol
hexakisphosphate, IP6, InsP6)
A Dr. McLachlan
published a paper in the June 1991 issue of the Lancet describing
research where AD patients where given the iron/aluminum chelator
desferrioxamine. It was originally theorized that aluminum
played a part in AD, and the study was meant to confirm
this. However, later a J.S. Richardson published a paper
disputing the aluminum theory and suggesting rather that excess
iron was the real culprit. The interesting thing is that AD
in the patients administered desferrioxamine in the McLachlan
tests, did not advance. In fact, some reviewers of this
report state that desferrioxamine effectively arrested Alzheimer's
disease.
Put the McLachlan study
together with the following...
This quote from Inhibition of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radical formation by inositol polyphosphates: a possible physiological function for myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by Phillip T. HAWKINS (and others) Biochem.. J. (U.K) 1993 tells most of the story...
"Some idea
of the relative affinity of InsP6 for Fe3+ was deduced by
competition experiments measuring the decolorization of
FeCl3/catechol complexes (see the Materials and methods
section). Any compound that is able to compete with catechol
for Fe3+ in the same concentration range as the Fe'+-catechol
complex (0.25 mM in this case) must have an affinity for Fe3+ that
is of a similar order to, or greater than, that of catechol (the
K1 for which is approx. 10-20; Martell and Smith, 1982). The data
(Figure 2) show that InsP6, EDTA and Desferral all fall into this
category; the greater potency of InsP6 compared with the other two
chelators is presumably because InsP6 has multiple phosphates
which are capable of chelating Fe3+ with high affinity (i.e. more
than one Fe3+ can be bound per InsP6; Graf et al., 1987)."
If IP6 has a greater affinity
for iron than desferrioxamine (desferral), then it seems highly
likely that IP6 supplements would have a similar effect on AD.
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Known sources:
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Natural sources:
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References:
Phytic Acid (IP6):
Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6,
IP-6, Insp6, inositol, phytic acid, phytate,
myo-inositol hexaphosphate)
See also: Iron, Inositol, Soy
PHYTIC ACID
http://www.chemindustry.com/apps/chemicals
Phytic Acid
"Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It
acts also as a hypocalcemic agent."
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=890
Inhibition of iron-catalysed
hydroxyl radical formation by inositol
polyphosphates: a possible physiological function for
myo-inositol
hexakisphosphate
Phillip T. HAWKINS, David R. POYNER,* Trevor R. JACKSON, Andrew
J.
LETCHER, David A. LANDER and Robin F. IRVINEt
Department of Biochemistry, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology
and
Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, U.K.
"In 1984, Graf et al. showed that InsP. was a particularly
effective inhibitor of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radical (OH')
formation, and suggested that it might make a useful food
additive (Graf et al., 1984, 1987; Graf and Eaton, 1990)."
"Some idea of the relative affinity of InsP6 for Fe3+ was
deduced by competition experiments measuring the decolorization
of FeCl3/catechol complexes (see the Materials and methods
section).
Any compound that is able to compete with catechol for Fe3+ in
the same concentration range as the Fe'+-catechol complex (0.25
mM in this case) must have an affinity for Fe3+
that is of a similar order to, or greater than, that of catechol
(the K1 for which is approx. 10-20; Martell and Smith, 1982).
The data (Figure 2) show that InsP6, EDTA and Desferral all fall
into this category; the greater potency of InsP6 compared with
the other
two chelators is presumably because InsPJ has multiple
phosphates which are capable of chelating Fe3+ with high
affinity (i.e. more than one Fe3+ can be bound per InsP6; Graf
et al.,
1987)."
http://www.biochemj.org/bj/294/0929/2940929.pdf
"The overall objective of this
study is to determine the therapeutic effect of phytic acid in
preventing the neurodegeneration of
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropryidine (MPTP)-induced
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)."
co-enzyme Q10
phytic acid
phytic acid containing soy protein
"Iron chelation via either transgenic expression of the
iron-binding protein ferritin or oral administration of the
metal chelator clioquinol (CQ) reduced the susceptibility to the
MPTP for inducing PD, suggesting that iron chelation may also be
an effective therapy for prevention and treatment of the disease
(Kaur et al, 2003)."
"Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakiphosphate) is a food component
that is considered an antinutrient by virtue of its ability to
chelate divalent minerals and prevent their absorption (Reddy et
al, 1996). Its unique chelating action with iron provides
phytic acid with antioxidant characteristics."
"We would like to test this hypothesis at therapeutic doses
based on the cancer prevention rat studies (Ullah et al, 1990)
and human studies to treat idiopathic hypercalcuria (Henneman et
al, 1958) with phytic acid."
http://www.cdfin.iastate.edu/update/research/project5.htm
IP6: Inositol
Hexaphosphate
Other common name(s): IP6, IP-6, Insp6, inositol, phytic acid,
phytate, myo-inositol hexaphosphate,
myo-inositol
hexakisphosphate
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Inositol_Hexaphosphate.asp?sitearea=ETO
Method of treatment of
Alzheimer's disease using phytic acid
United States Patent 4847082
Inventors: Sabin, Robert;
Application Number: 177690
Filing Date: 1988-04-05
Publication Date: 1989-07-11
"Abstract: A method is provided for treating
Alzheimer's Disease by administering to a subject an effective
symptom-alleviating amount of a compound selected from the group
consisting of phytic acid, phytate salt, an isomer or
hydrolysate of phytic acid or phytate salt, or a mixture of any
combination thereof. The preferred method of administration is
by oral dosages of about 1/2 to 3 grams/kilogram bodyweight per
day."
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4847082.html
Myo-Inositol
"The major dietary forms of myo-inositol are inositol
hexaphosphate or phytic acid, which is widely found in cereals
and legumes and associated with dietary fiber, and
myo-inositol-containing phospholipids from animal and plant
sources."
phytic acid
"Myo-inositol has not demonstrated the same promise in
Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia and electroconvulsive
therapy-induced memory impairment." [...as scyllo-inositol]
http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/myo_0145.shtml
"Whole meal cereals and other
seeds have in their shells phytic acid which strongly binds to
minerals like calcium,
iron, zinc and magnesium to form insoluble salts, phytates [1,
3-7]. It is well known that whole meal cereals by this mechanism
decrease the absorption of such minerals [1, 3-7]. There is
apparently no adaptation to a habitual high intake of phytic
acid [8] which is an important contributing cause of iron
deficiency in third world countries and possibly
in the western world [9]. It is also an important cause of
mineral deficiency in vegetarians [10-12]. The most commonly
studied minerals are bound to phytic acid possibly in the
following decreasing order: calcium > iron > zinc >
magnesium (Fredlund K, personal communication)."
http://paleodiet.com/phytic.txt
Can Humans Live Longer?: What
we can learn about anti-aging from mynah birds, fruit flies
and leeches
by Bill Sardi
"Consumption of tea extracts, which bind iron and inhibit its
absorption, has been found to inhibit the age-related
accumulation of iron and prolong life in the fruit fly by as
much as 21 percent."
"Green tea will reduce iron absorption even further, by 62
percent."
"The diet also provides some potent iron binders. Iron-binding
pigments found in berries, coffee, green tea, pine bark, onions
and the rind of citrus fruits, and phytic acid (a component of
whole grains and seeds such as sesame and rice bran) bind to
iron and other minerals in the gastric tract and help to limit
iron availability."
"Nature's most potent rust remover is phytic acid, commonly
found in whole grains, seeds and nuts. Phytic acid – also called
inositol hexaphosphate, or IP6 – is comprised of six phosphorus
molecules and one molecule of inositol. IP6 is provided as a
food supplement extracted from rice bran (Tsuno Foods & Rice
Co., Wakayama, Japan). "
[Interesting site with some practical strategies for iron
removal.]
http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/sardi10.html
See also: http://www.knowledgeofhealth.com/
(Bill Sardi's web site. Author of the book "The Iron Time
Bomb")
Pytic acid consumption can lead to zinc deficiency.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-247867
III-B-4. Phytic Acid in legumes and whole grains rich in wheat
bran and flaxseed principle means plants store phosphate binds
minerals, especially calcium and iron mineral chelation may
reduce free radicals can reduce calcium absorption from the gut
reduces starch digestion (lowers blood glucose) iron-binding
effect slows cancer growth
http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/phytochemicals.html
The plant phosphoinositide
system
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1131942&blobtype=pdf
Generation of phytate-free seeds in Arabidopsis through
disruption of
inositol polyphosphate kinases
Jill Stevenson-Paulik *, Robert J. Bastidas *, Shean-Tai Chiou
*, Roy A.
Frye , and John D. York *,
*Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Howard Hughes
Medical
Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh Veterans Administration
Medical
Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
Edited by Solomon H. Snyder, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, and approved July 12, 2005 (received for review
May 19,
2005)
Abstract
"Phytate (inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) is a regulator of
intracellular
signaling, a highly abundant animal antinutrient, and a
phosphate store in
plant seeds. Here, we report a requirement for inositol
polyphosphate
kinases, AtIPK1 and AtIPK2, for the later steps of phytate
synthesis in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Coincident disruption of these kinases
nearly
ablates seed phytate without accumulation of phytate precursors,
increases
seed-free phosphate by 10-fold, and has normal seed yield.
Additionally,
we find a requirement for inositol tetrakisphosphate
(IP4)/inositol
pentakisphosphate (IP5) 2-kinase activity in phosphate sensing
and root
hair elongation. Our results define a commercially viable
strategy for the
genetic engineering of phytate-free grain and provide insights
into the
role of inositol polyphosphate kinases in phosphate signaling
biology."
[While some researchers are proving that IP6 is beneficial, and
agrabusiness is trying to get rid of the stuff!]
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/35/12612
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Inositols:
myo-inositol:
inositol hexaphosphate or phytic acid
(CAS RN: 87-89-8)
scyllo-inositol (scyllitol, cocositol, quercinitol,
1,3,5/2,4,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexane,CAS RN: 488-59-5
Mol. Formula: C6H12O6 )
See also Phytic
Acid
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Inositol Isomers
Inositol
"An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to
be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin
and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From
Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol
phospholipids are important in signal transduction."
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=892
[Diagrams of the various isomers of cyclohexanehexol (a.k.a. inositol)]
"Myo-inositol is a crystalline compound with a sweet taste which
was first isolated by Scherer in 1849. While the complete
structure was disclosed by Dangschat and Posternakt in the late
1930s, the first total synthesis was already published in 1915
by Wieland and Wishart [1]."
http://www.biosynth.com/index.asp?topic_id=225&g=19&m=276
Molecule links Down syndrome to Alzheimer's
"Researchers from the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College
London have identified a molecule that could be targeted to
treat the cognitive impairment in people with Down syndrome. The
study, published in Archives of General Psychiatry found that
people with Down syndrome have higher levels of myo-inositol in
their brains than people without the condition, and that
increased levels of this molecule are associated with reduced
intellectual ability."
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=1059
"Natural sources of inositol
include wheat germ, brewers yeast, bananas, liver, brown rice,
oak flakes, nuts, unrefined molasses, vegetables, and raisins.
Available naturally from plant and animal sources, the plant
form of inositol is combined with six phosphates and is known as
the "anti-nutrient" phytic acid. In plants, phytic acid binds
with minerals, such as iron and calcium, and interferes with
their absorption. Mammals, including humans, can also
biosynthesize inositol from glucose and patients with diabetes
mellitus, chronic kidney failure, and multiple sclerosis (MS),
exhibit impaired production."
http://www.mic-d.com/gallery/polarized/inisitol.html
Galactosylononitol and
Stachyose Synthesis in Seeds of Adzuki Bean1
Purification and
Characterization of Stachyose Synthase
Thomas Peterbauer and Andreas Richter*
"Plant Material and Chemicals
Seeds from adzuki bean (Vigna angularis [Willd.] Ohwi &
Ohashi) were obtained from a local market. Galactinol was
purified from leaves of sage (Salvia officinalis) as previously
described (Kuo, 1992). Ononitol and galactosylononitol were
isolated from seeds of V. angularis as previously described
(Richter et al., 1997). Further substrates (d-pinitol,
sequoyitol, d- and l-bornesitol, l-quebrachitol,
1-O-methyl-scyllo-inositol, d- and l-chiro-inositol,
d-1-O-methyl-muco-inositol, and muco-inositol) were isolated and
purified as previously described (Wanek and Richter, 1995). All
other chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and were
of the highest purity
available."
http://www.pubmedcentral.com/articlerender.fcgi?artid=34999
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INOSITOL
"Inositol ,chemically hexahydroxycylohexane, is any of nine
stereoisomeric alcohols that closely resemble glucose in
structure. It is a constituent of many cell phosphoglycerides.
Meso- or myoinositol, named for its presence in muscle tissue,
is biologically the important isomer. Myo-Inositol is the
precursor in the phosphatidylinositol cycle, a source of two
second messengers (diacylglycerol and inositol
triphosphate). Inositols and their phosphates lack a
hydrolytically labile glycosidic linkage and are stable to
degradative enzymes in vivo. They have been used in the stable
insulin mediators, inhibitors, and modulators. It is known that
Inositols are effective in relieving symptoms of depression.
Though inositols are not regarded as an essential nutrient in
humans, they are sometimes classified as a member of the vitamin
B complex (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid,
biotin, pyridoxine, folic acid, inositol, and vitamin B12).
Inositol is essential for the growth of some yeasts and fungi."
http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/lifescience/foco/CALCIUM%20PHYTATE.htm
http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/lifescience/foco/PHYTIC%20ACID.htm
http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/lifescience/foco/INOSITIOL.htm
Clinical implications
Some preliminary results of studies on inositol supplements show
promising results for people suffering from problems such as
bulimia, panic disorder and bipolar depression.
Inositol has been found in double-blind studies to be an
effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It
is equal in effectiveness to SSRI's and is virtually free from
side effects [1].
[edit]Illicit uses
Inositol powder can be used in small proportions to cut Cocaine
HCL or Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth). It has an almost
identical appearance when in powder form and portrays similar
qualities when heated. This, in addition to the fact that it
adds almost no discernable taste or feel to either drug
regardless the method of use, makes it an ideal cutting agent.
Cutting either drug at any point in the distribution increases
volume of the street product and increases dealer profits.
However, at higher cut levels the inositol becomes somewhat
noticable in that the quality of the product is obviously
diminished.
[edit]
http://www.tscholars.com/encyclopedia/Inositol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol
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Updated: July 2, 2012
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